Transport Secretary Justine Greening has said she will consider legislation to force petrol retailers to pass on cuts in the wholesale price of fuel.
The Department of Transport says pump prices paid by motorists have fallen by just 7p despite wholesale prices falling 10p since April.
Ms Greening told the BBC she would consider taking further action to ensure motorists "get a better deal".
But petrol retailers said her remarks showed a "lack of understanding".
Petrol prices have fallen back since hitting record levels in March - when unleaded rose above £1.40 a litre.
The AA has said wholesale costs across northern Europe have dropped more than 16% in May.
A Department for Transport source told the BBC the industry would have a matter of weeks to come up with a voluntary code of conduct to ensure wholesale falls were passed on within a fortnight to the motorist.
'Struggling'But if a scheme could not be agreed on, he indicated the government would look at legislation, although the source was unable to say how long that might take.
Ms Greening told the BBC she wanted a voluntary scheme to be agreed.
She said: "That's what we're going to look at first, but if that doesn't work we will look at some of the things other countries have done like Germany, Austria and Denmark, who have taken more mandatory action in this area.
"I'm really determined that motorists get a better deal."
BBC political correspondent Gary O'Donoghue said the move had brought an angry response from the Retail Motor Industry Federation - the main body representing independent petrol retailers - which accused ministers of trying to divert attention from August's planned 3p rise in fuel duty.
"Suggestions that the falling price of oil and wholesale price movements on the continent should dictate further pump price cuts across the UK by independent forecourt operators is damaging to this struggling sector and shows lack of any real understanding of fuel price mechanisms," said Brian Madderson, chair of its petrol division.
Quentin Willson, national spokesman for campaign group FairFuelUK, said: "It's a bit rich for ministers to try and deflect the issue of pump prices to the oil companies and retailers.
"It is the government themselves that takes a staggering 81.5p per litre in fuel duty and VAT on every litre sold. Worse still, the government is sticking to its plan to add another 3.6p of combined fuel duty and VAT on August 1. This move borders on the desperate."
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